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Journal: Frontiers in Immunology
Article Title: Integrating clinical and multiomics evidence based on disease module theory: deciphering the comorbidity network of psoriasis vulgaris via the Ising model for mechanistic insights
doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1744789
Figure Lengend Snippet: OPLS-DA model, proteomics map of differentially expressed protein enrichment pathways and protein interaction analysis of the genes in the STRING database. HCs: healthy controls; PV-pre: pre-IL-17Ai-treated psoriasis vulgaris group; PV-post: post-IL-17Ai treatment group. BP, biological process; CC, cellular component; GO, gene ontology; HCG, healthy control group; KEGG, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes; MF, molecular function; OPLS-DA, orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis. (A) Scatter plot of OPLS-DA scores. P1 and Q1 denote the projected values under the first and orthogonal principal components, respectively. The OPLS-DA scores for the protein profiles of the HC vs. PV-pre and PV-pre vs. PV-post groups were significantly different. The scatter plot of the OPLS-DA scores shows significant separation between the HC vs. the PV-pre groups and the HC vs. the PV-post groups. (B) HC vs. PV-pre: GO enrichment histogram. A higher enrichment score on the vertical axis indicates that the target gene is more concentrated in the given function. The horizontal axis shows the GO names of the enriched proteins. Colors are used to differentiate between bars from different GO categories. A comparison of the GO enrichment analyses of the HCG and the PVG revealed significant enrichment at the BP level of lipoprotein metabolic process, lipid transport, macromolecule metabolic process, oxidative stress response, metabolic processes and proteolysis. At the CC level, the extracellular region was significantly enriched. At the MF level, lipoprotein binding, serine-type endopeptidase activity and glutathione peroxidase activity were significantly enriched. PV-pre vs. PV-post: enrichment at the BP level of the antibacterial humoral response and the adaptive immune response. At the CC level, blood microparticles, extracellular space, extracellular region, secretory granule lumen, plasma membranes, immunoglobulin complex and extracellular exosomes were enriched. At the MF level, antigen binding was enriched. (C) HC vs. PV-pre: Bubble plot of KEGG enrichment. The horizontal axis represents the ratio between the number of differentially expressed proteins and the background proteins in the given pathway. This reflects the degree of pathway enrichment under the experimental conditions. The dots on the vertical axis represent the different pathways. The dot size is representative of the number of differentially expressed proteins associated with the pathway, and the dot color is representative of the log10 value (p value). The darker the color is, the greater the statistical significance of the between-group difference in pathway enrichment; thus, the p value decreases. A comparison of the KEGG enrichment analyses of the HCG and the PVG revealed that the IL-17 signaling pathway, complement and coagulation cascades and cholesterol metabolism were enriched. PV-pre vs. PV-post: The IL-17 signaling pathway, ferroptosis pathway and mineral uptake pathway were significantly enriched. (D) Protein interaction analysis of the genes in the STRING database ( https://cn.string-db.org/ ). nodes: represent proteins, with splicing subtypes and posttranslational modifications integrated and presented (i.e., all proteins produced by a single protein-coding gene locus are represented by the same node); node color: colored nodes represent target proteins and first-order interacting proteins, while white nodes represent second-order interacting proteins; node content: Hollow nodes represent proteins with unknown three-dimensional structures, while solid nodes represent proteins with well-defined three-dimensional structures; association edges: represent protein functional associations, which are specific and biologically meaningful (i.e., proteins that collaboratively participate in the same functional pathways, but physical binding is not necessarily required); interaction types include gene neighborhood, gene fusion, gene co-occurrence, text mining evidence, coexpression, and protein homology ( Supplementary Table 8 ).
Article Snippet: Participants received subcutaneous injections of 300 mg of the IL-17 antagonist secukinumab (Novartis Pharmaceuticals, USA) at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, and 12 weeks.
Techniques: Protein Enrichment, Control, Comparison, Binding Assay, Activity Assay, Clinical Proteomics, Coagulation, Produced, Functional Assay